The history of Egypt has a long history that makes it one of the world’s greatest civilizations.

Prehistory (pre–3100 BC)

Data from petroglyphs can be found along the terraces of the Nile and in desert oases. The society of hunter-gatherers and fishermen was renewed in the 10th BC by a culture of grain-grinding. Near 6000 BC, climate change and/or overgrazing started to desiccate Egypt’s pastoral lands, creating the Sahara. Early tribal communities migrated to the River Nile, where a settled agricultural economy and a more centralised culture were established.

A Neolithic civilization rooted in the Nile Valley dates back to around 6000 BC. Several predynastic cultures in Upper and Lower Egypt evolved independently during the Neolithic period. As precursors to dynastic Egypt, the Badari culture and the successor Naqada sequence are commonly considered. Merimda, the earliest known site in Lower Egypt, predates Badarian by around seven hundred years. For more than two thousand years, contemporary Lower Egyptian cultures coexisted with their southern counterparts, remaining culturally distinct, but maintaining regular interaction through trade. The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared on Naqada III pottery vessels, dated to around 3200 BC, during the predynastic period.

Ancient Egypt (3100–332 BC) 

King Menes formed a unified kingdom in 3150 BC, leading to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next three millenniums. During this long period, Egyptian culture flourished and remained distinctively Egyptian in its religion, arts, language and customs. The first two ruling dynasties of a unified Egypt set the stage for the time of the Old Kingdom (c. 2700-2200 BC), which built several pyramids, most notably the Djoser Pyramid of the Third Dynasty and the Giza Pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty.

In a time of political instability, almost 150 years ago, the first intermediate period started. In 2040 BC, the government’s stability restored the nation’s prosperity in the Middle Kingdom and reached its climax during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat the Seventh. And with the entry into the second separation phase, With the arrival in Egypt of the first foreign dynasty, the kingdom of the Semitic Hexus. About 1650 BC, the invaders of the Hyksos invaded much of Lower Egypt and established a new capital at Alvarez. The Upper Egypt Army, led by Ahmose I, who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and moved the capital from Memphis to Thebes, expelled them.

With the Eighteenth Dynasty, the modern state (circa 1550 – 1070 BC) began, signalling the emergence of Egypt as a world power that spread to an empire as far south as Tombus in Nubia during its greatest expansion, and included parts of the Levant in the east. For some of the most prominent pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Tuthmosis the Seventh, Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, and Tutankhamun and Rameses II, this time was marked. During this time, the first historically acclaimed expression of monotheism came as Atenism, although some consider Atenism to be a type of monotheism instead of monotheism. Repeated communications with other nations brought to the new kingdom new ideas. The country was later invaded and occupied by the Libyans, the Libyans and the Assyrians, but they were finally forced out and regained possession of their country by the indigenous Egyptians.

In 332 BC, as he toppled the Achaemenids, the Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered Egypt and founded the Hellenistic Ptolemaic Empire, whose first ruler was one of the former generals of Alexander, Ptolemy I Soter. The Ptolemies had to battle indigenous rebellions and were engaged in international and civil wars that culminated in Rome’s collapse of the kingdom and its eventual annexation.The death of Cleopatra put an end to Egypt’s nominal independence, resulting in Egypt becoming one of the Roman Empire’s provinces.

Egypt’s (including Byzantine) Roman rule lasted from 30 BC to 641 AD, with a brief interlude of influence between 619-629, known as Sasanian Egypt, by the Sasanian Empire. After Egypt’s Muslim invasion, The provinces of successive Caliphates and other Muslim dynasties were part of Egypt: the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661), the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750), the Abbasid Caliphate (750-935), the Fatimid Caliphate (909-1171), the Ayyubid Sultanate (1171-1260) and the Mamluk Sultanate (1250-1517). In 1517, Cairo was seized by the Ottoman Sultan Selim I, incorporating Egypt into the Ottoman Empire.

Until 1867, without French influence from 1798 to 1801, Egypt remained totally Ottoman. Egypt, which opened in 1867, became a self-supporting tributary nation named Khedifa Misr. But in the aftermath of the Anglo-Egyptian War, Khadift Egypt came under British administration in 1882. Since the end of the First World War and after the revolution in Egypt in 1919,The Egyptian Kingdom was created. Although the UK is an autonomous state de jure, it maintains control over international relations, security, and other issues. The British occupation, with Anglo-Egyptian approval in 1954, lasted until 1954.

The modern Republic of Egypt was formed in 1953 AD with the complete withdrawal of the British powers from the Suez Canal in 1956 AD, the first time in 2500 years that Egypt was fully independent and governed by the original Egyptians. President Gamal Abdel Nasser (1956-1970 President Ali Egypt) initiated many reforms and founded with Syria the short-lived United Arab Republic. The Six-Day War and the formation of the International Non-Aligned Movement were also part of its terms. His successor, Anwar Sadat (president from 1970 to 1981), changed Egypt’s direction, stepped away from Nasiriyah’s many political and economic values, re-established a multi-party structure, and introduced the economic openness programme. In the 1973 Yom Kippur War, he led Egypt to recover the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt that Israel had occupied since the 1967 Six-Day War. This later contributed to the Egypt-Israel peace treaty.

Following nearly thirty years of rule by former President Hosni Mubarak, recent history in Egypt has been dominated by events. The 2011 Egyptian Revolution deposed Mubarak and resulted in Egypt’s first constitutionally elected president in history, instability after the 2011 revolution and related conflicts leading to the 2013 Egyptian coup.

If you intend to visit Egypt, you should consider reviewing our extensive Egypt travel guide, as during Egypt Tours it is a very special experience that is not comparable to any other things to do in Egypt. Your QuillBot will rewrite the file. Start by writing something here or pasting it, and then press the Paraphrase button. This is why our travel information section is intended to be useful before continuing with the best tours of Egypt for those who seek culture, the history of Egypt, and comfortable accommodation while sailing the Nile Valley, covering most of Cairo day trips, Luxor day tours in addition to Aswan excursions.

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